இன்வெர்டர் என்றால் என்ன என்று அறிந்து கொள்ளும் முன்னே , பத்தொன்பதாம் நூற்றாண்டில் ஏற்பட்ட ஒரு சுவாரசியமான யுத்தத்தை பற்றி முதலில் அறிந்து கொள்வோம்! யாருக்கும் யாருக்கும் யுத்தம்?? தாமஸ் ஆல்வா எடிசனுக்கும் , நிகோலா டேஸ்லாவுக்கும் இடையே யுத்தம் ஏற்பட்டது. எதற்காக இந்த யுத்தம் இவர்களுக்கு இடையே ஏற்பட்டது தெரியுமா?? மின்சக்தியை உற்பத்தி செய்து அதை வாடிக்கையாளர்களுக்கு விநியோகம் செய்ய ஒரு திசை மின்னோட்டம் (Direct current)உபயோகிப்பதா இல்லை மாறு திசை மின்னோட்டம்(Alternating Current) உபயோகிப்பதா என்று! எடிசன் ஒரு திசை மின்னோட்டமே நல்லது என்று மக்களிடையே பிரச்சாரம் செய்ய நிகோலா டேஸ்லாவோ மாறு திசை மின்னோட்டத்துக்கு தன் ஆதரவை தெரிவித்தார்! இறுதியாக நிகோலா டெஸ்லா ஆதரித்த , மாறு திசை மின்னோட்டமே வெற்றி பெற்றது!
நம் வீட்டில் உள்ள மின் உபகரணங்கள் பல , மாறு திசை மின்னோட்டத்துக்கு(Alternating current) ஏற்றவாறு வடிவமைக்கப் பட்டிருக்கிறது! ஒரு உதாரணத்துக்கு , நீங்கள் மாறு திசை மின்னோட்டத்தில் வேலை செய்யும் மின் உபகரணத்தை , ஒரு திசை மின்னோட்டத்தை(Direct current) அளிக்கும் மின்கலத்தின்(Battery) துணை கொண்டு வேலை செய்ய வைக்க நினைத்தால் , நீங்கள் செய்ய வேண்டியது ஒன்றே ஒன்று தான்! ஒரு இன்வேர்ட்டர் வாங்கி வந்து , மின்கலத்தில் இருந்து வெளிவரும் ஒரு திசை மின்னோட்டத்தை மாறு திசை மின்னோட்டமாக மாற்றி , அதை கொண்டு அந்த மின் உபகரணத்தை எந்த சிரமும் இன்றி வேலை செய்ய வைத்து விடலாம்!
சரி! இன்னும் கொஞ்சம் தெளிவாக ஒரு திசை மின்னோட்டம் பற்றியும் , மாறு திசை மின்னோட்டம் பற்றியும் அறிந்து கொள்வோம்!
மின்னோட்டம் என்றால் என்ன? மின்னனுக்களின்(Electrons) ஓட்டம்! முதன் முதலில் மின்சாரத்தை அறிமுகப்படுத்தும் ஆசிரியை , ஒரே திசையில் ஓடும் மின்னனுக்களின் ஓட்டம் பற்றி தான் சொல்லி கொடுப்பார்! உதாரணத்துக்கு ஒரு மின்கலத்தையும் (Battery), அதனோடு கடத்திகளால் (Conductor)இணைக்கப்பட்டிருக்கும் ஒரு மின் விளக்கையும் எடுத்து கொள்ளுங்கள். மின்கலத்தில் இருந்து புறப்படும் மின்னனுக்கள் , சீனியை தூக்கி கொண்டு செல்லும் எறும்புகளை போல் ,ஒரே சீராக , நேரான பாதையில் சென்று , தான் தூக்கி வந்திருக்கும் மின் சக்தியை மின் விளக்குக்கு கொடுத்து அதை எரிய வைக்கிறது!
எவ்வளவு நேரம் எறும்புகள் சீனியை தூக்கி கொண்டு தன் இருப்பிடம் சென்று சேர்க்கும் , கொட்டி கிடந்த சீனி அத்தனையும் காலியாகும் வரை! அதே போல் , எவ்வளவு நேரம் , மின் விளக்கு எரியும் , மின்கலத்தில் இருக்கும் சக்தி மொத்தமும் தீரும் வரை! ஆக, ஒரு திசை மின்னோட்டத்தை தெளிவாக பார்த்தாயிற்று!
இனி மாறு திசை மின்னோட்டத்தை(Alternating current) சற்றே தெளிவாக நோக்குவோம்! மின்சார வாரியத்தால் நம் வீடுகளுக்கு வழங்கப்படுவது இந்த மாறு திசை மின்னோட்டம் தான்! இந்த மின்சாரம் , ஒரு வினாடிக்கு 50 முதல் 60 தடவை வரை , தான் ஓடும் திசையை மாற்றி கொண்டே இருக்கும் இயல்புடையது! இப்படி 50 முதல் 60 தடவை வரை தன் திசையை மாற்றி கொண்டே இருக்கிறதே , இது எப்படி நம் வீட்டு மின் விளக்கை எரிய வைக்கிறது என்ற ஐயம் உண்டாகிறது அல்லவா!
இது ஒரு திசை மின்னோட்டம் போல் ஒரு திசையில் செல்லாமல் , முன்னும் , பின்னும் தான் செல்லும் திசையை , ஒரு வினாடிக்கு 50 முதல் 60 தடவை மாற்றி கொண்டே இருக்கும் . அப்படி என்றால் நம் வீட்டில் உள்ள மின் விளக்கும் , ஒவ்வொரு தடவையும் மாறுதிசை மின்னோட்டம் , தான் செல்லும் திசையை மாற்றும் போதும் , அணைந்து , அணைந்து எரிய வேண்டும் அல்லவா! ஆனால் , அப்படி எதுவும் நடப்பதில்லை! ஏன்?? ஏன் ?? ஏன்??
இந்த கேள்விக்கான பதிலை தெரிந்து கொள்ளும் முன்னே , இந்த மின்னோட்டம் என்றால் என்ன?? மின் அணுக்கள் நிஜமாகவே 
ஓடுகிறதா?? கடத்தியின் உள்ளே அப்படி என்ன தான் நடக்கிறது என்று அறிந்து கொள்வோம்!
உதாரணத்துக்கு ஒரு செப்பு கடத்தியை(Copper wire) எடுத்து கொள்வோம்! இந்த பூமியில் உள்ள ஒவ்வொரு வஸ்துவையும் போல , இந்த செப்பு கடத்தியும் அணுக்களால்(Atom) ஆனது! ஒவ்வொரு அணுக்களிலும் , மின்அணுக்கள்(Electrons) இருக்கும்!
படத்தில் ஒரு செப்பு அணு(Copper Atom) காட்டப்பட்டு உள்ளது! அணுவின் உட்கருவை(Nucleus) சுற்றி இருக்கும் இடங்களில் மின்அணுக்கள் இருக்கும்! மின் அணுக்கள் இருக்கும் இடத்தை ஷெல் என்று அழைப்பர்! ஒவ்வொரு ஷெல்லிலும் அதிகபட்சமாக எவ்வளவுக்கு எவ்வளவு மின் அணுக்களை பிடித்து வைத்திருக்க முடியுமோ , அவ்வளவுக்கு அவ்வளவு மின் அணுக்கள் இருக்கும்! பொதுவாக , வெளிப்புற ஷெல் , அதிகபட்சமான மின்அணுக்களை கொண்டிருக்காது! செப்பு அணுக்களில் , வெளிப்புற ஷெல்லில் , ஒரே ஒரு மின்அணு மட்டுமே இருக்கும்.
செப்பு அணுவின் வெளிப்புற ஷெல்லில் ஒரே ஒரு மின் அணு மட்டும் இருப்பதால் , அது செப்பு அணுவோடு வலுவாக இணைந்திருக்காது! அதை சுலபமாக அணுவை விட்டு வெளியே இழுத்து விட முடியும்! ஆக , ஒரு செப்பு கடத்தியில் , மின் அணுவானது , ஒரு அணுவில் இருந்து இன்னொரு அணுவுக்கு சுலபமாக நகர்ந்து சென்று விட முடியும். இவ்வாறு , ஒவ்வொரு அணுவின் , வெளிப்புற ஷெல்லில் உள்ள மின் அணுவும் , மின் அழுத்தம் கொடுத்தவுடன் , ஒரு அணுவில் இருந்து மற்றொரு அணுவுக்கு , அதாவது தனக்கு அடுத்த இடத்தில் இருக்கும் அணுவுக்கு நகர்ந்து சென்று விடும்! அடுத்த இடத்தில் இருக்கும் அணுவின் , வெளிப்புற ஷெல்லில் உள்ள மின்அணு தனக்கு அடுத்த இடத்தில் உள்ள அணுவுக்கு நகர்ந்து சென்று விடும்! இவ்வாறு தொடர்ச்சியாக அணு அணுவாக மின் அணு நகர்ந்து செல்வதையே மின்னோட்டம் என்று அழைக்கிறோம்!
எல்லாம் சரி இந்த மின்னோட்டம் எப்படி மின் விளக்கை எரிய வைக்கிறது என்று பார்த்து விடலாம்! ஒரு கடத்தியில் , மின்சாரமானது மிக சுலபமாக பாயும்! அதாவது , நாம் தோட்டத்தில் தண்ணீர் பாய்ச்சும் குழாயில் , தண்ணீர் சுலபமாக பாய்ந்து செல்வது போல கற்பனை செய்து கொள்ளுங்கள்! நாம் , அந்த தண்ணீர் வெளியே வரும் இடத்தை நம் விரல்களால் அடைத்து வைக்காதவரை , எந்த பிரச்சனையும் இல்லாமல் பாய்ந்து கொண்டிருக்கும்! நம் , விரலால் , தண்ணீரை வர விடாமல் , அடைத்து வைக்க முயலும் போது , தண்ணீர் பீய்ச்சி அடிக்கும்! அதே தாங்க இங்கேயும் ! கடத்தியில் சுலபமாக பாய்ந்து செல்லும் மின்சாரம் , மின் விளக்கின் இழையை(Electric lamp’s Filament) அடைந்தவுடன் , அது மின் அணுக்களை பாய விடாமல் சிறிது எதிர்ப்பை(Resistance) காட்டும்! இவ்வாறு எதிர்ப்பை காட்டுவதால் , விளக்கின் இழையில் , சூடு ஏறி , எரிய ஆரம்பித்து விடும்! இது தான் விளக்கு எரியும் மர்மம்!
ஆக , மின்னோட்டம் என்றால் என்ன என்று பார்த்தாயிற்று!
செப்பு கடத்தியின் உள்ளே என்ன நடக்குது என்பதும் தெளிந்தாயிற்று!
மின் விளக்கு எப்படி எரிகிறது என்ற மர்ம முடிச்சை அவிழ்த்தாயிற்று!
இனி, மாறு திசை மின்னோட்டம் எப்படி மின் விளக்கை எரிய வைக்கிறது என்ற பழைய கேள்விக்கு விடை அளிக்கும் நேரம் தற்பொழுது வந்தாயிற்று!
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சரி, இனி இன்வெர்ட்டர் நம் வீடுகளில் எதற்காக பயன் படுத்த படுகிறது என்று அடுத்து பார்த்து விடுவோம்! நம் வீடுகளுக்கு மின்சார வாரியத்தால் விநியோகம் செய்யப்படும் மின்சாரம் , எதிர்பாராமல் நிறுத்தப்படும் போது , தடையற்ற மின் விநியோகம் கிடைப்பதற்காகவே இந்த இன்வெர்ட்டர் , வீடுகளில் உபயோகப்படுத்த படுகிறது! இந்த இன்வெர்ட்டரை உபயோகப்படுத்தி , நம் வீடுகளுக்கு , தடை இல்லா மின்சார விநியோகம் செய்யும் சாதனத்தின் பெயர் UPS! இது எப்படி வேலை செய்கிறது என்று பார்த்து விடுவோம்..
மின்சார வாரியத்தால் விநியோகம் செய்யப்படும் மாறுதிசை மின்னோட்ட மின்சாரத்தை கொண்டு UPS இல் இருக்கும் மின்கலம் (Battery) தன்னை சார்ஜ் ஏற்றி கொள்கிறது! மின்கலத்தில் இருந்து வெளிவருவது ஒரு திசை மின்னோட்டம்! அப்புறம் எப்படி , மாறுதிசை மின்னோட்ட மின்சாரத்தை கொண்டு மின்கலம் தன்னை சார்ஜ் செய்து கொள்கிறது?? என்ற ஐயம் தோன்றுகிறது அல்லவா! மாறுதிசை மின்னோட்ட மின்சாரம் முதலில் ஒரு மின்மாற்றியில்(Transformer) கொடுக்கப்பட்டு , அதனுடைய மின் அழுத்தம் மாற்றப்பட்டு , பின் ஒரு சீராக்கும்சுற்றில்(Rectifier) கொடுக்கப்பட்டு , மாறு திசை மின்னோட்டம் , ஒரு திசை மின்னோட்ட மின்சாரமாக மாற்றப்பட்டு அதன் பின்னரே , மின்கலம் தன்னை சார்ஜ் ஏற்றி கொள்கிறது!
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